- Along river valleys: IVC was along Indus river basin, Sumerian developed between Tigris and Euphrates river basin while Egyptian civilization developed along Nile river basin.
- Agricultural society:They all developed as an agrarian society with a large agricultural classthat was responsible for growing food for large centralized urban populations of the city.
- Egalitarian society:Women were relatively empowered in these civilizations with IVC showing evidence of mother goddess worship.
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- IVC had a large number of shrines of female deitiesshowing women had a certain degree of independence.
- Women in Mesopotamia and Egypt could make their own business and trade contractsand own propertyand could even become a ruler (e.g. female pharaoh Hatshepsut)
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- Developed trade, manufacturing, and Commerce: Being free from the burden of growing food, these civilizations had a large merchant and artisans’ base
- Highly urbanized: They had sophisticated transport and economic networks. This enabled them to spread to larger areas and support advanced crafts, artistic production, sophisticated religions, technology, and government bureaucracies.
- Nature worship:Although not much is known about IVC religion, however, other two civilizations had polytheistic religions, consisting of nature worship.
- Writing and Script: All of them had well-established art of writing and script
- Burial practices: All three civilizations buried their dead with items needed in the afterlife.